The types of genotypes that can be generated are a function of the genotypes of the parents. I am not a breeder to give you full details of breeding techniques of self and cross pollinated crops. Mass selection progeny test, ear to row method and recurrent selection 5. Plant breeding and genetics encyclopedia of life support. It is due to such reasons that imposition of selffertilization on cross pollinating crops leads to drastic reduction in their performance. Consequently, breeding methods for crosspollinated crops aim at. Students learn about creating populations, recurrent selection methods, with and without progeny tests, and hybrid production practices. Contents introduction characters of cross pollinated crops methods of breeding in cross pollinated crops mass selection progeny selection or eartorow method. Plant breeding is defined as identifying and selecting desirable traits in plants and combining these into one individual plant. Wheat crossing methods scissors, forceps, alcohol, crossing bags, crossing tags, paper clips and a pencil supplies needed for crossing include. Breeding methods in self pollinated crops authorstream. The selection cycle may be repeated one or more times to increase the frequency of favourable alleles. The value of hybrid cultivars was discovered through experiments with corn in the 192030s.
Breeding methods in crosspollinated species springerlink. A temperate exception is kentucky blue grass poapra tensisl. Upni sweet corn, thai opaque, and ivlardi composite 1. Specific objectives theory by the end of the course, the students will be able to i. Conventional hybrids have been developed in tetraploid and diploid cottons.
Not all crops are purely self or cross pollinated, some are intermediate such as canola and the breeding techniques adjusted appropriately. Introduction that can be used for commercial cultivation as variety without any change in the original genotype. So to avoid inbreeding depression and its undesirable effects, the breeding methods in the crop is designed in such a way that there will be a minimum inbreeding. Crosspollination confers on plant populations a far greater degree of genetic. Recurrent selection is an important breeding method employed to improve the populations of crop plants particularly those of cross pollinated species. Since 1900, mendels laws of genetics provided the scientific basis for plant breeding. Since crosspollinated species are naturally hybrid heterozygous for many traits and lose vigour as they become purebred homozygous, a goal of each of these breeding methods is to preserve or restore. Breeding self pollinated plants reduction in heritability and selection intensity, i. Definition and introduction to plant breeding method, classificaton of plant breeding method on 1. Next article breeding methods in cross pollinated crops.
A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Population improvement strategies for crop improvement. Previous article the carbohydrate content in potato is. Cross pollination, where pollen from one plant can only fertilize a different plant. In modern agricultural fields several new methods are used for selecting and breeding plants with good traits for creating new plant line with high yeild and resistance to pests and disease. Majority of cotton hybrids are developed by conventional method. Mass selection, as applied to crosspollinated crops is essentially the same as that applied to selfpollinated crops.
Introduction plant breeding is an art or science as old as agriculture, started since man learnt to cultivate the plants. Some plant species can be self pollinated, which occurs when pollen and pistil are from the same plant. Crossing between two inbreds or varieties is called single. Breeding methods in crosspollinated species request pdf. Breeding methods in cross pollinated crops slideshare. Plant breeding is the purposeful manipulation of plant species in order to create desired genotypes and phenotypes for specific purposes. Method of plant breeding in cross pollinated plants selection with progeny testing with progeny testing. Cross pollinated crops generally show moderate to severe inbreeding depression. This method includes progeny selection on ear to row method and recurrent selection. The following points highlight the top four methods used in crosspollinated crops. This clearly demonstrated the difference between effect of selection in cross and self pollinated crops.
Breeding method in self pollinated crop breeding method. This short note written on the title of plant breeding methods. In crosspollinated crops, the genotype of the individual crop plants is. Desirable characteristics from different parent plants could also be combined in the offspring. But if a corn plant is forced to self pollinate by covering.
Hybridization in self pollinated crops may occur naturally, albeit usually at a low frequency, or through controlled cross pollinations. Topics discussed include the common breeding methods used in improving cross pollinated crops and the theoretical basis for crosspollinated crop breeding. Backcross breeding method 410 plant breeding methods i. In pedigree method, individual plants are selected from f2 and the subsequent generation and their progenies are tested. A special section deals with the breeding of autotetraploids with respect to inbreeding, selection, synthetics and hybrid breeding. Plant breeding breeding selfpollinated species britannica. Breeding methods in self pollinated crops in mass selection, seeds are collected from usually a few dozen to a few hundred desirable appearing. Sexual reproduction makes it possible to combine genes from two parents into a. Because of these advantages, synthetic varieties have become increasingly favoured in the growing of many species, such as the forage crops, in which expense prohibits the development or use of hybrid varieties. Delivery online learners have the option of participating in live lectures presented twice weekly to facetoface students or viewing the taped lectures online in extension. Plant breeding plant breeding breeding self pollinated species.
This presentation mainly emphasis on the population improvement in cross pollinated crops, types of combining ability and production of synthetics and composites. Breeding self pollinated crops hybridization methods hybridization and gene recombination generate new genotypes. Many of the grasses that reproduce apomictically originate either in tropical or subtropical regions. The farmer, every year, selects the best appearing plants in his field and collects the seed from those plants to raise the next generation crop. Back cross method and various modified methods backcross method in backcross method of breeding, the hybrid and the progenies in subsequent generations are repeatedly backcrossed to one of the parents.
Consequently, breeding methods for cross pollinated crops aim at preventing inbreeding. Methods with cross pollinating crops intrapopulation improvement 1. Among the crosspollinated crops, com is a particularly favorable crop in. Plant breeding methods 1 plant breeding methods additional new reference george acquaah. Selffertilization, where pollen from a plant will fertilise reproductive cells or ovules of the same plant. Faster crop breeding methods compared with traditional methods. For pdf versions of this and other seed publications, please visit us at. Halfsib hs matings, including polycross, topcross, and openpollination, are useful in the breeding of crosspollinated sexual perennial forage grasses to evaluate general combining ability of.
Fruit breeding is an ancient technology with dynamic current technology and an exciting future janick and moore, 1975, 1996. Gridded selection is one technique that can be used when doing mass. In mass selection, seeds are collected from usually a few dozen to a few hundred desirable appearing individuals in a population, and the next generation is sown from the stock of mixed seed. Plant breeders use different methods depending on the mode of reproduction of crops, which include. After pollination, style was inserted back gently inside the keel petal and covered by wing petals and standard petals to make a natural sac which prevents drying of internal organs. Dec 20, 2017 self pollinated crops sometimes referred to as selfers have evolved, possibly from some extreme event in the past that narrowed their gene pool. After knowing the floral biology and botanical description of the crop,the next search is for breeding methods.
Salimath and others published conventional breeding methods find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. This practice improves the quality and yield of the crop. Top 3 breeding methods used for crosspollinated crops. Considering that hybrids play an important role in increasing world food production, the authors have rightly devoted one subsection to procedures for breeding hybrid cultivars. Early farmers discovered that some crop plants could be artificially mated or cross pollinated to increase yields. Prasanta misra has given us a right source to know about inbreeding depression. Rice and wheat are the two principal crops grown in india. Depending upon the mode of pollination the breeding methods also varies.
Population improvement programmes, recurrent selection. The second phase of the breeding program is to artificially hybridise or cross. During the entire operation, a record of the entire parents offspring relationship is kept, is known as pedigree record. Basically, the selection procedure of the best progenies was optimized, particularly with the development of agricultural experimentation based on the publications of fisher. In this method of breeding, the best individuals with desired characters are selected on the basis of phenotypic performance in a source population. Hybrid breeding food and agriculture organization of the united. Jul 02, 2015 breeding methods in cross pollinated crops methods of population improvement breeding methods breeding methods with without progeny progeny test test eg.
Most of our crops can be classified as cross pollinated or self pollinated cross pollinated means that an insect or wind normally carries pollen from one plant to another in order to fertilize it self pollinated means that the plant will pollinate and fertilize itself both types require that you. Conventional plant breeding has been going on for hundreds of years, and is still commonly used today. Breeding methods for cross pollinated crops populations of cross pollinated crops are highly heterozygous. Top 4 methods used in crosspollinated crops breeding. In this method initial plants are selected on the basis of their phenotype, but the final selection of plant based on progeny test.
The process of fertilization takes place only after pollination has occurred and allows the flower to develop seeds. Jul 02, 2015 contents introduction characters of cross pollinated crops methods of breeding in cross pollinated crops mass selection progeny selection or eartorow method modified eartorow method recurrent selection hybrid varieties synthetic varieties breeding methods common for both self and cross pollinated crops. Note that the outline if for one parental combination and that selection can be practiced in any generation. Pedigree, masspedigree, bulkpopulation and singleseeddescent methods. Pdf plant breeding methods in brief for students researchgate. Breeding techniques in self pollinated crops presentation. Collage of agriculture, sardarkrushinagr dantiwada ahricultural university. It helps for the production of several superior qualities originally found in verious plants crops into a single plant. A comprehensive technique for artificial hybridization in. India needs to explore comparative yield advantages in cross pollinated crops. Only those breeding and selection methods are suitable for a crop which does not interfere with its natural state or ensure the maintenance of such a state. Different breeding approaches are required for self pollinating, cross pollinating and clonallypropagated plants. Selfpollinated crops show no inbreeding depression, while crosspollinated crop show variable degree of inbreeding depression. Breeding methods in self pollinated crops authorstream presentation.
Plant breeding, or crop genetic improvement, is the production of new, improved crop varieties for use by farmers. Method of plant breeding in self pollinated plants. Presentday crop breeding and selection methods are based on the genetic. This procedure, sometimes referred to as phenotypic selection, is based on how each individual looks. Plant breeding david luckett and gerald halloran what is. Breeding methods for cross pollinated crop a mass selection b recurrent selection 1.
Do self pollinated crops show inbreeding depression. The development of hybrid varieties differs from hybridization in that no attempt is made to produce a pure breeding population. Such hybrids are produced by hand emasculation and pollination method. Introduction in an effort to improve existing maize varieties by the simple recurrent selection procedures at the univer siti pertanian nlalaysia, sarmvah branch campw, we adopted the tassel bag method of hand pollination on three varieties. The f1 hybrid of crosses between different genotypes is often much more vigorous than its parents. Plant breeders must develop an array of perennial grain crops grasses, legumes, and plants representing other families before natural systems agriculture or other methods of producing food without soil erosion can succeed. A description of each part of the wheat plant can be found in the introduction to wheat, along with a.
Why dont selfpollinated crops show inbreeding depression at. Cassava crossing block at iita in which all male flowers were removed from parents being used as females and the resulting fruits from cross pollinated flowers are being collected in muslin bags before they dehisce explosively. Selection methods in plant breeding based on mode of. As previously discussed, self pollinated species have a genetic structure that has implication in the choice of methods for their improvement. The breeding methods commonly used in cross pollinated crops. Since cross pollinated species are naturally hybrid heterozygous for many traits and lose vigour as they become purebred homozygous, a goal of each of. Genetic basis of pure line selection general procedure for evolving a variety by pure line. Cross pollination, also called allogamy, occurs when pollen is delivered from the stamen of one flower to the stigma of a flower on another plant of the same species.
The breeding methods for crosspollinated crops are fundamentally of two types. Full text of methods of plant breeding internet archive. The commonly used breeding methods of self pollinated plants were developed over a century ago in europe. Pedigree breeding is a method of genetic improvement of self pollinated species in which superior genotypes are selected from segregating generations and proper records of the ancestry of selected plants are maintained in each generation. The new variety may have higher yield, improved grain.
Hybridization, breeding and hybrid cultivars saifood. It cannot be used for development of varieties in crosspollinated crops. Therefore, inbreeding must be avoided or kept to minimum in cross pollinated species. This article throws light upon the top three breeding methods used for crosspollinated crops.
Thus it is evident that the ef fort of recording the genealogy of the segregating population should be compensated by using this information in the selection of. Population improvement strategies for crop improvement springerlink. The objectives of all these methods are to develop pure line varieties. Hcn content in jowar plants principles of plant breeding. Alternatively, if the conditions are favorable there is no need to protect the pollinated flower and therefore petal removal method for cross pollination can be used. The methods used by plant breeders have developed along with the advancement of human civilization and have. There are many different techniques but we will only show our method here. However, the productivity differences between india and high productivity countries are more in cross pollinated crops followed by self and often cross pollinated crops. As previously discussed, selfpollinated species have a genetic structure that has implication in the choice of methods for their improvement. Other species are cross pollinated, which means the pollen and pistil are from different plants. In its broadest sense, fruit breeding refers to the purposeful genetic improvement of fruit crops through various techniques including selection, hybridization, mutation induction, and molecular techniques. Inbreeding depression in plant breeding biotech articles.
Topics discussed include the common breeding methods used in improving cross pollinated crops and the theoretical basis for cross pollinated crop breeding. Breeding field crops, 5th edition, thoroughly covers the field of plant breeding. But if the plants are naturally heterozygous as in cross pollinators like maize. Sc agri in genetics and plant breeding, studding in c. Nov 12, 2009 in the introduction an overview of the reproduction and mating systems is presented. Pdf genetic basis of selection in crosspollinated crops. Selection from vigorous plants in perfect stand hills, method 4. As a result, the genotype of the backcross progeny becomes increasingly similar to that of the recurrent parent. Method of plant breeding in cross pollinated plants.
When inbreeding is practiced they show severe inbreeding depression. This method can isolate only superior genotypes from the mixed population. Breeding methods self pollinated crops single seed descent modified pedigree general outline. Breeding methods in cross pollinated crops cross pollinated crops. This manipulation involves either controlled pollination. Request pdf breeding methods in cros spollinated species plant breeding is the genetic improvement of plants and is considered to be both a science and an art. Crossing wheat and oat anne kirk university of manitoba participatory plant breeding program. Ppt plant breeding methods powerpoint presentation. Population improvement was the earliest breeding method applied to cross pollinated crops. This hybrid vigour, or heterosis, can be manifested in many ways, including.
How to cross wheat the following section aims to illustrate how to perform crosses in wheat. Breeding method for cross pollinated crop authorstream. Pollination can be accomplished by cross pollination or by selfpollination. Breeding is the branch of biology which deals with the production of improved and new crop varieties, which are superior to exisiting varieties with several charactceristics. The major part of the chapter is dedicated to the breeding of population varieties opvs and synthetics.
The breeding methods that have proved successful with self pollinated species are. General information plant breeding module of plant. Module five focuses on breeding methodologies for cross pollinated crops where you will learn mass selections, recurrent selection, hybrid varieties development. Sc ag seed science and technology department of genetics and plant breeding shiats allahabad up. Lec 18 back cross method and various modified methods 8999. Breeding method for cross pollinated crop authorstream presentation. It is oldest method of selection and is useful in cross pollinated crops. Introduction to onfarm organic plant breeding organic seed.
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